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mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.MsoTableGrid
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mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
mso-border-themecolor:text1;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid black;
mso-border-insideh-themecolor:text1;
mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid black;
mso-border-insidev-themecolor:text1;
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font-family:”Calibri”,”sans-serif”;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
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TEORI PSIKOANALISIS
(SIGMUN FREUG)
PENDAHULUAN
Psikologi mulai timbul sebagai ilmu pengetahuan pada pertengahan XIX di jerman,dengan objek kesadaran orang normal,dan beradap. Hal ini timbul karena pengaruh Deskrates yang dengan berpangkal kepada semboyan: Cogito ergo sum,menetapkan bahwa objek psikologi kesadaran.
Tugas psikologi adalah menganalisis kesadaran. Kesadaran terdiri dari unsure-unsur structural yang sangat erat hubungannya dengan proses-proses dalam pancaindra. Pendapat tersebut banyak di tentang. Salah satu penentangnya adalah Freud. Freud menganggap bahwa kesadaran hanya merupakan sebagian kecil saja daripada seluruh kehidupan psikis,Freud memisalkan psyche itu sebaga gunung es di tengah lautan,yang di atas permukaan air laut itu menggambarkan kesadaran ,sedangkan di bawah permukaan air laut yang merupakan bagian terbasar menggambarkan ketidaksadaran. Dalam ketidak sadaran itulah terdapat kekuatan-kekuatan dasar yang mendorong pribadi. Orang harus menjelajah lebih dalam ke daerah ketidaksadaran dengan mengembangkan psikologi dalam. Freud lahir di Moravia, 6 Mei 1856 dan meninggal di London pada tanggal 23 September 1939.ia di juluki sebagai bapak psikoanalisis.
POKOK-POKOK TEORI FREUD MENGENAI KEPRIBADIAN
Teori Freud kepribadian dapat diiktisarkan dalam rangka struktur,dinamika,dan perkembangan kepribadian.
v STRUKTUR KEPRIBADIAN
Menurut Freud kepribadian terdiri dari tiga system atau aspek,yaitu:
1. The id (Das es),yaitu aspek biologis
2. The ego ( Das ich),yaitu psikologis
3. The super ego (Das ueber ich),yaitu aspek psikologis
v DINAMIKA KEPRIBADIAN
Freud berpendapat bahwa,energy psikis dapat dipindahkan ke energi fisiologis dan sebaliknya jembatan antara energy tubuh dengan kepribadian ialah das es dengan instink-instinknya.
1. INSTINK
Merupakan sumber perangsang somatic dalam yang di bawa sejak lahir,keinginan adalah perangsang psikologis ,sedangkan kebutuhan adalah perangsang jasmani. Instink mempunyai empat macam sifa:
· Sumber
Yang menjadi sumber instink adalah kondisi jasmaniah;yaitu kebutuhan
· Tujuan
Tujuan instink ialah menghilangkan rangsangan kejasmanian,sehingga ketidakenakan yang timbul karena adanya ketegangan disebabkan meningkatnya energin dapat di tiadakan. Misalnya tujuan instink lapar (makan) adalah menghilangkan keadaan kekurangan makanan.
· Objek
Ialah segala aktivitas yang mengantarai keinginan dan terpenuhinya keinginan itu. Tidak hanya terbatas pada bendanya saja,melainkan termasuk cara-cara.
· Pendorong atau penggerak
Adalah kekuatan instink itu,yang tergantung pada intensitas (besar kecil) kebutuhan.
Apabila energy instink dipergunakan secara tetap pada subtitusi objek yang sebenarnya tidak asli,maka tingkah laku yang timbul dan didoring oleh energy itu disebut derivate instink itu (instinct derivative).
Pemindahan energy dari satu objek ke objek yang lain adalah sifat yang sangat penting pada kepribadian. Inilah yang menyebabkan flexibility manusia,inilah yang menyebabkan platisitas tingkah laku manusia. Praktis,perhatian,kegemaran,kebiasaan,serta sikap orang dewasa adalah pemindahan energy dari objek aslinya;jadi semua itu adalah instink derivative.
Freud menerima bahwa bermacam-macam instink itu dapat dikelompokkan menjadi dua kelompok yaitu:
Ø Instink-instink hidup
Berfungsi melayani maksud individu untuk tetap hidup dan memperpanjang ras. Bentuk utamanya adalah: makan,minum,dan seksual. Bentuk energy yang dapat dipakai oleh instink-instink hidup disebut libido.
Ø Instink-instink mati
Disebut juga instink-instink merusak. Setiap yang bernyawa pasti akan mencicipi kematian. Freud merumuskan bahwa tujuan semua hidup adalah mati.
Sifat agresif adalah pengrusakan diri yang diubah dengan objek subtitusi.instink-instink hidup dan instink-instink mati dapat saling bercampur,dan saling menetralkan.
2. Distribusi dan penggunaan energy psikis
Dinamika kepribadian terdiri dari cara bagaimana energy psikis itu di distribusikan serta digunakan oleh id , ego , dan super ego. Kalau sesuatu aspek banyak mempergunakan energy (menjadi kuat), maka kedua yang lain hus menjadi lemah.
Mulanya id yang memiliki semua energy dan mempergunakan untuk gerakan-gerakan reflex dan pemenuhan keinginan. Kedua aktivitas ini dikendalikan oleh Lustprinzip. Penggunaan energy di dalam gerakan atau khayalan ini disebut pemilihan objek secara instinktif. Energy di dalam id itu sangat mudah bergerak dan berpindah,karena id tidak mampu mengadakan diskriminasi diantara objek-objek yang berlainan seakan-akan sama.
Ego tidak mempunyai energy sendiri,maka dia harus meminjamnya dari , sehingga ada pemindahan energy dari id ke ego. Ini terjadi karena suatu mekanisme yang disebut:identifikasi. Id tidak dapat membedakan khayalan subjektif dan kenyataan objektif,segala sesuatunya dianggap kalau itu ada.
Jika ego telah menguasai energy,maka dia dapat mempergunakan energy sepenuhnya.
3. Kecemasan atau ketakutan
Dinamika kepribadian untuk sebagian besar dikuasai oleh keharusann untuk memuaskan kebutuhan dengan cara berhubungan dengan objek-objek dunia luar. Lingkungan dapat member kepuasan maupun mengancam. Reaksi individu terhadap ancaman ketidaksenangan dan pengrusakan yang belum dihadapinya ialah menjadi cemas dan takut. Freud mengemukakan tiga macam kecemasan,yaitu:
a) Kecemasan realistic,merupakan ketakutan akan bahaya i luar. Ini merupakan kecemasan yang paling pokok.
b) Kecemasan neurotis,adalah kecemasan kalaunk-kalau instink-instink tidak dapat di kendalikan dan menyebabkan orang berbuat sesuatu yang dapat dihukum.
c) Kecemasan moral,orang yang super egonya berkembang dengan baik cenderung untuk merasa dosa apabila melakukan atau bahkan berfikir untuk melakukan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan norma-norma moral.
Fungsi kecemasan atau ketakutan ialah untuk memperingatkan orang akan datangnya bahaya. Sebagai isyarat bagi ego,bahwa apabila tidak dilakukan tindakan-tindakan yang tepat bahaya itu akan meningkat sampai ego dikalahkan(kewalahan.
Apabila kecemasan muncul,akan mendorong orang untuk melakukan sesuatu supaya tegangan dapat direduksikan atau dihalangkan,mungkin akan lari dari daerah atau tempat yang menimbulkan kecemasan atau ketakutan itu,atau mencegah impuls-impuls yang berbahaya,atau menuruti kata hati.
Kecemasan atau ketakutan yang tidak dapat dikuasai dengan tindakan-tindakan yang efektif disebut ketakutan traumatis. Ketakutan ini akan membawa orang kapada ketidakberdayaan yang infantil.
v PERKEMBANGAN KEPRIBADIAN
Penyelidikan yang menjurus kea rah masa kanak-kanak,yaitu masa yang mempunyai peranan yang menentukan dalam hal timbulnya neorosis pada tahun-tahun yang lebin kemudian. Freud beranggapan bahwa kanak-kanak adalah ayahnya manusia. Ia tidak langsung menyelidiki kanak-kanak,akan tetapi membuat rekonstruksi atas dasar ingatan orang dewasa mengenai masa kanak-kanaknya.
Kepribadian itu berkembang dalam hubungan dengan empat macam sumber ketegangan pokok yaitu:
a) Proses pertumbuhan fisiologis
b) Frustasi
c) Konflik
d) Ancaman
Belajar mempergunakan cara-cara baru dalam mereduksikan tegangan inilah yang disebut perkembangan kepribadian. Identifikasi pemindahan objek adalah cara-cara atau metode-metode yang di pergunakan oleh individu untuk mengatasi fruktasi-fruktasi,konflik-konflik kecemasan-kecemasannya.
Identifikasi
Identifikasi adalah metode yang dipergunakan orang dalam menghadapi orang lain dan membuatnya menjadi bagian dari pada kepribadianya,belajar mendiskusikan tegangannya dengan cara bertingkah laku seperti orang lain,namun bukan merupakan imitasi (peniruan yang dangkal)
Pemindahan objek
Apabila objek pilian sesuatu instink yang asli tidak dicapai karena rintangan maka terbentuklah cathexis yang baru. Arah pemindahan objek ini ditentukan dua factor, yaitu:
ü Kemiripan objek pengganti terhadap objek aslinya
ü Sanksi-sanksi dan larangan-larangan masyarakat
Mekanisme pertahanan ego
Ego kadang-kadang terpaksa mengambil cara yang ekstrim untuk menghilangkan atau mereduksikan tegangan.cara demikian disebut mekanisme pertahanan. Bentuk-bentuk mekanisme pertahanan:
Ø Penekanan atau resesif
Sebelum Freud sampai pada perumusan teorinya mengenai id , ego,dan super ego ,maka dia menganggap kepribadian itu terdiri dari tiga bagian yaitu:
a) Alam sadar (kesadaran)
b) Alam prasadar (keprasadaran)
c) Alam tak sadar (ketaksadaran)
Penekanan terjadi apabila suatau pemilihan objek dipaksa keluar dari kesadaran oleh anti cathexis. Penekanan juga dapat mempengaruhi nirmalnya fungsi badan.
Ø Proyeksi
Adalah mekanisme yang dipergunakan untuk mengubah ketakutan neurotis dan ketakutan moral menjadi ketakutan realistis. Perubahan ini mudah dilakukan,karena ketakutan neurotis dan ketakutan moral itu kedua sumber aslinya adalah ketakutan akan hukuman dari luar. Tujuan proyeksi yaitu mengurangi tegangan dengan cara mengganti objek dangan objek lain yng kurang berbahaya,memungkinkan orang menyatakan impuls-impulsnya dengan alas an (sebenarnya pura-pura) mempertahankan diri terhadap musuhnya.
Ø Pembentukan reaksi
Adalah penggantian impulsata perasaan yang menimbulkan ketakutan atau kecemasan dengan lawanya di dalam kesadaran. Misalnya benci dig anti dengan cinta.
Ø Fiksasi
Orang mungkin mengalami fiksasi pada suatu fase yang lebih awal,karena menginjak fase berikutnya membawa kecemasan atau ketakutan baginya.
Ø Regresi
Regresi sangat erat hubungannya dengan fiksasi. Jalan regresi biasanya ditentukan oleh fiksasi yang telah di alami lebih dahulu,orang cenderung untuk mengalami fiksasi.
Fiksasi dan regresi adalah keadaan nisbi,artinya seseorang jarang benar-benar mengalami fiksasi dan regresi. Lebih dapat kalau di katakan bahwa kepribadian cenderung untuk melindungi infantilisme. Fiksasi dan regresi menyebabkan ketidaksamaan dalam perkembangan kepribadian.
Semua mekanisme pertahanan itu mempunyai kesaman sifat-sifat yaitu:
ü Kesemuanya menolak,memalsukan atau mengganggu kenyataan
ü Kesemuanya bekerja dengan tidak di sadari,sehingga orang tidak bersangkutan tidak tahu apa yang sedang terjadi.
Bentuk mekanisme pertahanan yang lain adalah:
ü Isolasi
ü Introyeksi
ü Justifikasi dangan bentuk-bentuk khususnya:
§ Rasionalisasi
§ Kuasalisasi
Fase-fase perkembangan
Freud berpendapat bahwa anak sampai kira-kira umur lima tahun meliwati fase-fase yang terdiferensiasi secara dinamis. Sampai umur 12-13 tahun mengalami fase latent,yaitu dinamika terjadi lebih stabil. Maka sampai umur 20 tahun adalah masa yang paling menentukan bagi pembentukan kepribadian.
Fase |
Usia |
Ciri |
Fase Oral |
0-1 |
Mulut merupakan daerah pokok aktivitas dinamis |
Fase Anal |
1-3 |
Cathexis dan anticathexis berpusat pada fungsi eliminative (pembuangan kotoran) |
Fase Falis |
3-5 |
Alat-alat kelamin merupakan berpusat pada daerah orogen terpenting |
Fase Latent |
5-12 |
Impuls-impuls menonjol kembali,apabila ini dapat dipindahkan dan disublimasikan oleh ego dengan berhasil akan sampailah orang pada fase kematangan terahir |
Fase Pubertes |
12/13-20 |
Impuls-impuls yang selama masa sebelumnya seakan-akan latent,menonjol kembali.dan ini membawa aktivitas-aktivitas dinamis lagi |
Fase Genital |
20 ke atas |
Fungsi biologis yang pokok dari pada fase ialah reproduksi |